Minggu, 17 Juni 2012

Relative Pronoun


Pronoun atau kata ganti digunakan untuk menghindari pengulangan kata benda terlalu sering dalam kalimat.
  
Relative pronoun merupakan kata ganti yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan adjective clause. The main relative pronouns are: who, whom, which, what, that, whose.
    1. It was the chairman who decided on the new investment.
    2. I know the girl with whom you speak to.
    3. Have you received the samples which we sent last week?
    4. These are the files that need filing
    5. I know the girl whose leg was broken.

Personal pronoun as subject
Personal pronoun as object
Possessive adjective
Possessive pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Demonstrative
Pronoun
Relative pronoun
I
We
You

They
He
She
It
Me
Us
You

Them
Him
Her
It
My
Our
Your

Their
His
Her
Its
Mine
Ours
Yours

Theirs
His
Hers
Its
Myself
Ourselves
Yourself/
Yourselves
Themselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
This
That
These
Those
Who
Whose
Whom
Which
That

 Possesive :

Mirip dengan jumlah, posesif (genitif) kualitas dapat digunakan bersama dengan kata ganti relatif dalam klausa kata sifat. Ini biasanya yang (hal) atau yang (hal-hal dan orang).

misalnya :
KAMI PUNYA RUMAH GAYA SPANYOL. ATAS EKSTERIOR RUMAH ADALAH PUTIH.
- KAMI PUNYA RUMAH GAYA SPANYOL, "ATAS EKSTERIOR YANG" ADALAH PUTIH.
- KAMI PUNYA RUMAH GAYA SPANYOL, "YANG EKSTERIOR" ADALAH PUTIH.( Ini lebih umum di Inggris Amerika. )

misalnya 
-PERUSAHAAN disewa Sebuah MANAGER PENJUALAN BARU, YANG atitudenya cukup               menjengkelkan.
- Ketika berbicara tentang orang, tidak umum untuk menggunakan "yang".

*http://syntaxlunacy.blogspot.com/2005/10/possessive-relative-pronoun.html
*http://elib.unikom.ac.id/download.php?id=47348

Senin, 30 April 2012

CORDINATING CONNECTORS


Konektor
Konektor adalah kata yang digunakan untuk bergabung dengan kata-kata atau kalimat.
Dan, juga, tapi, atau, belum, namun, bagaimanapun, jadi bahwa, selama, sementara, sampai, seolah-olah, karena, ketika, setelah, meskipun, sebelumnya.
Anak laki-laki dan perempuan
Gajah dan jerapah
Sebuah mainan atau buku
Musiknya keras namun itu menyenangkan.
Jenis konektor
KOORDINASI KONJUNGSI

Konjungsi koordinasi bergabung bersama klausul sama pentingnya. Beberapa contoh konjungsi koordinasi adalah - dan, tetapi, atau,
PENGGUNAAN 'DAN'


"Dan 'digunakan sebagai hubungannya ketika kata atau frasa yang sama pentingnya dan kedua kondisi ada. Kata lain yang dapat digunakan di tempat dan adalah: apalagi, di samping, bersama dengan, ditambah, dan juga, lebih jauh lagi
Tom dan Harry bermain hoki.
Sebuah singa dan rubah hidup di gua ini.
Kami perlu beberapa sarung tangan dan bola selain kelelawar.
Para prajurit naik apalagi mereka bersorak pemimpin.
Penggunaan 'tapi'
Kata sambung 'tapi' digunakan untuk menunjukkan kontradiksi antara dua frase. Katakanlah kalimat pertama membawa Anda untuk mengharapkan suatu peristiwa tertentu dan frase kedua memberitahu Anda cukup hasil yang bertentangan. Dalam hal demikian, tetapi, digunakan.



Kata lain seperti: namun, namun, bagaimanapun, dapat digunakan di tempat 'tapi'
Dia berlari, tapi dia ketinggalan bis.
Dia belajar keras tapi tidak bisa nilai baik dalam ujian.
Bukit itu sangat curam tapi orang tua itu bisa memanjat dengan mudah.
Sharon jatuh dari kuda namun dia tidak menangis.
Singa lapar namun tidak menyerang Androcles.
Dia adalah dari Inggris namun ia berbicara Cina sangat baik.
PENGGUNAAN 'ATAU'

Ketika kita perlu untuk mengekspresikan pilihan antara dua kata atau frasa yang kita gunakan 'atau'. Di sini hanya salah satu dari dua kondisi ada.
CONTOH:

Apakah Anda mengambil secangkir teh atau kopi?
Haruskah kita membeli buku atau mainan?


KONJUNGSI DIGUNAKAN BERPASANGAN ADALAH KONJUNGSI KORELATIF

Entah ..... atau
Entah Petrus atau Yohanes telah mengambil buku.
Baik ..... atau
Hal ini tidak panas maupun lezat.
Kedua ..... dan
Kakak saya adalah baik pintar dan cerdas.
Apakah ..... atau
Katakan apakah Anda tahu rute atau tidak.
Tidak hanya ..... tetapi juga
Tidak hanya dia bodoh tapi juga keras kepala.

SENYAWA KONJUNGSI

Konjungsi senyawa adalah kelompok kata yang berperilaku seperti konjungsi.
Untuk itu, dengan syarat, asalkan, segera setelah
Hubungan
Pemakaian
Agar
Aku membeli semua buku agar Anda dapat belajar
Dengan syarat bahwa
Guru minta dia pada kondisi bahwa ia tidak akan mengulangi kesalahan.
Meskipun
Sarah tidak akan menikah bahkan jika ia melamarnya.
Sehingga
Aku terus pergi kerja saya sehingga saya bisa menghabiskan waktu dengan anak-anakku
Asalkan
Anda dapat mengambil cuti asalkan Anda bekerja lembur kemudian
Seolah-olah
Rex berperilaku seolah-olah dia adalah bos.
Dan juga
Monica serta veronica hadir di sana
Segera setelah
Mr Ford berencana untuk melunasi pinjamannya begitu dia mendapat bonus nya.
Seolah-olah
Sepertinya ada akan menjadi badai.


*http://www.tutorvista.com/content/english/english-i/work-book/connectors.php

Selasa, 10 April 2012

Adjective

Definition

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.

the tall professor
the lugubrious lieutenant
a solid commitment
a month's pay
a six-year-old child
the unhappiest, richest man

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much older than I am, is an engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the man who is keeping my family in the poorhouse.

Before getting into other usage considerations, one general note about the use — or over-use — of adjectives: Adjectives are frail; don't ask them to do more work than they should. Let your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns do the hard work of description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectives that don't have much to say in the first place: interesting, beautiful, lovely, exciting. It is your job as a writer to create beauty and excitement and interest, and when you simply insist on its presence without showing it to your reader — well, you're convincing no one.

Consider the uses of modifiers in this adjectivally rich paragraph from Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel. (Charles Scribner's, 1929, p. 69.) Adjectives are highlighted in this color; participles, verb forms acting as adjectives, are highlighted in this blue. Some people would argue that words that are part of a name — like "East India Tea House — are not really adjectival and that possessive nouns — father's, farmer's — are not technically adjectives, but we've included them in our analysis of Wolfe's text.

He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth, the wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmer's covered wagon; of cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire of coals. He knew the good male smell of his father's sitting-room; of the smooth worn leather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of the blistered varnished wood upon the hearth; of the heated calf-skin bindings; of the flat moist plug of apple tobacco, stuck with a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October; of the brown tired autumn earth; of honey-suckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a clean ruddy farmer who comes weekly with printed butter, eggs, and milk; of fat limp underdone bacon and of coffee; of a bakery-oven in the wind; of large deep-hued stringbeans smoking-hot and seasoned well with salt and butter; of a room of old pine boards in which books and carpets have been stored, long closed; of Concord grapes in their long white baskets.

An abundance of adjectives like this would be uncommon in contemporary prose. Whether we have lost something or not is left up to you.
Position of Adjectives

Unlike Adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. (See Below.) When indefinite pronouns — such as something, someone, anybody — are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:

Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished.
Something wicked this way comes.

And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify):

The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper.

See, also, the note on a- adjectives, below, for the position of such words as "ablaze, aloof, aghast."
Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives can express degrees of modification:

Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman in town.

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the word than frequently accompanies the comparative and the word the precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable.
GrammarRock
Click on the "scary bear" to read and hear George Newall's "Unpack Your Adjectives" (from Scholastic Rock, 1975).
Schoolhouse Rock® and its characters and ABCother elements are trademarks and service marks of American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Used with permission.

Positive Comparative Superlative
rich richer richest
lovely lovelier loveliest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
much
many
some more most
far further furthest

Be careful not to form comparatives or superlatives of adjectives which already express an extreme of comparison — unique, for instance — although it probably is possible to form comparative forms of most adjectives: something can be more perfect, and someone can have a fuller figure. People who argue that one woman cannot be more pregnant than another have never been nine-months pregnant with twins.
Grammar's Response

According to Bryan Garner, "complete" is one of those adjectives that does not admit of comparative degrees. We could say, however, "more nearly complete." I am sure that I have not been consistent in my application of this principle in the Guide (I can hear myself, now, saying something like "less adequate" or "more preferable" or "less fatal"). Other adjectives that Garner would include in this list are as follows:
absolute impossible principal
adequate inevitable stationary
chief irrevocable sufficient
complete main unanimous
devoid manifest unavoidable
entire minor unbroken
fatal paramount unique
final perpetual universal
ideal preferable whole

From The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Styleby Bryan Garner. Copyright 1995 by Bryan A. Garner. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., www.oup-usa.org, and used with the gracious consent of Oxford University Press.

Be careful, also, not to use more along with a comparative adjective formed with -er nor to use most along with a superlative adjective formed with -est (e.g., do not write that something is more heavier or most heaviest).

The as — as construction is used to create a comparison expressing equality:

He is as foolish as he is large.
She is as bright as her mother.

Premodifiers with Degrees of Adjectives

Both adverbs and adjectives in their comparative and superlative forms can be accompanied by premodifiers, single words and phrases, that intensify the degree.

We were a lot more careful this time.
He works a lot less carefully than the other jeweler in town.
We like his work so much better.
You'll get your watch back all the faster.

The same process can be used to downplay the degree:

The weather this week has been somewhat better.
He approaches his schoolwork a little less industriously than his brother does.

And sometimes a set phrase, usually an informal noun phrase, is used for this purpose:

He arrived a whole lot sooner than we expected.
That's a heck of a lot better.

If the intensifier very accompanies the superlative, a determiner is also required:

She is wearing her very finest outfit for the interview.
They're doing the very best they can.

Occasionally, the comparative or superlative form appears with a determiner and the thing being modified is understood:

Of all the wines produced in Connecticut, I like this one the most.
The quicker you finish this project, the better.
Of the two brothers, he is by far the faster.

Authority for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission.
Less versus Fewer
When making a comparison between quantities we often have to make a choice between the words fewer and less. Generally, when we're talking about countable things, we use the word fewer; when we're talking about measurable quantities that we cannot count, we use the word less. "She had fewer chores, but she also had less energy." The managers at our local Stop & Shop seem to have mastered this: they've changed the signs at the so-called express lanes from "Twelve Items or Less" to "Twelve Items or Fewer." Whether that's an actual improvement, we'll leave up to you.

We do, however, definitely use less when referring to statistical or numerical expressions:

It's less than twenty miles to Dallas.
He's less than six feet tall.
Your essay should be a thousand words or less.
We spent less than forty dollars on our trip.
The town spent less than four percent of its budget on snow removal.

In these situations, it's possible to regard the quantities as sums of countable measures.

Taller than I / me ??
When making a comparison with "than" do we end with a subject form or object form, "taller than I/she" or "taller than me/her." The correct response is "taller than I/she." We are looking for the subject form: "He is taller than I am/she is tall." (Except we leave out the verb in the second clause, "am" or "is.") Some good writers, however, will argue that the word "than" should be allowed to function as a preposition. If we can say "He is tall like me/her," then (if "than" could be prepositional like like) we should be able to say, "He is taller than me/her." It's an interesting argument, but — for now, anyway — in formal, academic prose, use the subject form in such comparisons.

We also want to be careful in a sentence such as "I like him better than she/her." The "she" would mean that you like this person better than she likes him; the "her" would mean that you like this male person better than you like that female person. (To avoid ambiguity and the slippery use of than, we could write "I like him better than she does" or "I like him better than I like her.")

More than / over ??
In the United States, we usually use "more than" in countable numerical expressions meaning "in excess of" or "over." In England, there is no such distinction. For instance, in the U.S., some editors would insist on "more than 40,000 traffic deaths in one year," whereas in the UK, "over 40,000 traffic deaths" would be acceptable. Even in the U.S., however, you will commonly hear "over" in numerical expressions of age, time, or height: "His sister is over forty; she's over six feet tall. We've been waiting well over two hours for her."

The Order of Adjectives in a Series

It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say "little brown house" and not "brown little house" or why we say "red Italian sports car" and not "Italian red sports car." The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language. Most other languages dictate a similar order, but not necessarily the same order. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order often seems quite arbitrary (if not downright capricious). There is, however, a pattern. You will find many exceptions to the pattern in the table below, but it is definitely important to learn the pattern of adjective order if it is not part of what you naturally bring to the language.

The categories in the following table can be described as follows:

Determiners — articles and other limiters. See Determiners
Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g., beautiful, interesting)
Size and Shape — adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g., wealthy, large, round)
Age — adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient)
Color — adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale)
Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g., French, American, Canadian)
Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden)
Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)

# THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES #
Determiner Observation Physical Description Origin Material Qualifier Noun
Size Shape Age Color
a beautiful old Italian touring car
an expensive antique silver mirror
four gorgeous long-
stemmed red silk roses
her short black hair
our big old English sheepdog
those square wooden hat boxes
that dilapidated little hunting cabin
several enormous young American basketball players
some delicious Thai food
# This chart is probably too wide to print on a standard piece of paper. If you click HERE, you will get a one-page duplicate of this chart, which you can print out on a regular piece of paper.

It would be folly, of course, to run more than two or three (at the most) adjectives together. Furthermore, when adjectives belong to the same class, they become what we call coordinated adjectives, and you will want to put a comma between them: the inexpensive, comfortable shoes. The rule for inserting the comma works this way: if you could have inserted a conjunction — and or but — between the two adjectives, use a comma. We could say these are "inexpensive but comfortable shoes," so we would use a comma between them (when the "but" isn't there). When you have three coordinated adjectives, separate them all with commas, but don't insert a comma between the last adjective and the noun (in spite of the temptation to do so because you often pause there):

a popular, respected, and good looking student

See the section on Commas for additional help in punctuating coordinated adjectives.
Capitalizing Proper Adjectives

When an adjective owes its origins to a proper noun, it should probably be capitalized. Thus we write about Christian music, French fries, the English Parliament, the Ming Dynasty, a Faulknerian style, Jeffersonian democracy. Some periods of time have taken on the status of proper adjectives: the Nixon era, a Renaissance/Romantic/Victorian poet (but a contemporary novelist and medieval writer). Directional and seasonal adjectives are not capitalized unless they're part of a title:

We took the northwest route during the spring thaw. We stayed there until the town's annual Fall Festival of Small Appliances.

See the section on Capitalization for further help on this matter.

Collective Adjectives

When the definite article, the, is combined with an adjective describing a class or group of people, the resulting phrase can act as a noun: the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, the lonely, the unlettered, the unwashed, the gathered, the dear departed. The difference between a Collective Noun (which is usually regarded as singular but which can be plural in certain contexts) and a collective adjective is that the latter is always plural and requires a plural verb:

The rural poor have been ignored by the media.
The rich of Connecticut are responsible.
The elderly are beginning to demand their rights.
The young at heart are always a joy to be around.


Adjectival Opposites

The opposite or the negative aspect of an adjective can be formed in a number of ways. One way, of course, is to find an adjective to mean the opposite — an antonym. The opposite of beautiful is ugly, the opposite of tall is short. A thesaurus can help you find an appropriate opposite. Another way to form the opposite of an adjective is with a number of prefixes. The opposite of fortunate is unfortunate, the opposite of prudent is imprudent, the opposite of considerate is inconsiderate, the opposite of honorable is dishonorable, the opposite of alcoholic is nonalcoholic, the opposite of being properly filed is misfiled. If you are not sure of the spelling of adjectives modified in this way by prefixes (or which is the appropriate prefix), you will have to consult a dictionary, as the rules for the selection of a prefix are complex and too shifty to be trusted. The meaning itself can be tricky; for instance, flammable and inflammable mean the same thing.

A third means for creating the opposite of an adjective is to combine it with less or least to create a comparison which points in the opposite direction. Interesting shades of meaning and tone become available with this usage. It is kinder to say that "This is the least beautiful city in the state." than it is to say that "This is the ugliest city in the state." (It also has a slightly different meaning.) A candidate for a job can still be worthy and yet be "less worthy of consideration" than another candidate. It's probably not a good idea to use this construction with an adjective that is already a negative: "He is less unlucky than his brother," although that is not the same thing as saying he is luckier than his brother. Use the comparative less when the comparison is between two things or people; use the superlative least when the comparison is among many things or people.

My mother is less patient than my father.
Of all the new sitcoms, this is my least favorite show.

Some Adjectival Problem Children
Good versus Well

In both casual speech and formal writing, we frequently have to choose between the adjective good and the adverb well. With most verbs, there is no contest: when modifying a verb, use the adverb.
He swims well.
He knows only too well who the murderer is.
However, when using a linking verb or a verb that has to do with the five human senses, you want to use the adjective instead.
How are you? I'm feeling good, thank you.
After a bath, the baby smells so good.
Even after my careful paint job, this room doesn't look good.
Many careful writers, however, will use well after linking verbs relating to health, and this is perfectly all right. In fact, to say that you are good or that you feel good usually implies not only that you're OK physically but also that your spirits are high.
"How are you?"
"I am well, thank you."

Bad versus Badly

When your cat died (assuming you loved your cat), did you feel bad or badly? Applying the same rule that applies to good versus well, use the adjective form after verbs that have to do with human feelings. You felt bad. If you said you felt badly, it would mean that something was wrong with your faculties for feeling.


Other Adjectival Considerations

Review the section on Compound Nouns and Modifiers for the formation of modifiers created when words are connected: a four-year-old child, a nineteenth-century novel, an empty-headed fool.

Review the section on Possessives for a distinction between possessive forms and "adjectival labels." (Do you belong to a Writers Club or a Writers' Club?)

Adjectives that are really Participles, verb forms with -ing and -ed endings, can be troublesome for some students. It is one thing to be a frightened child; it is an altogether different matter to be a frightening child. Do you want to go up to your professor after class and say that you are confused or that you are confusing? Generally, the -ed ending means that the noun so described ("you") has a passive relationship with something — something (the subject matter, the presentation) has bewildered you and you are confused. The -ing ending means that the noun described has a more active role — you are not making any sense so you are confusing (to others, including your professor).

The -ed ending modifiers are often accompanied by prepositions (these are not the only choices):

We were amazed at all the circus animals.
We were amused by the clowns.
We were annoyed by the elephants.
We were bored by the ringmaster.
We were confused by the noise.
We were disappointed by the motorcycle daredevils.
We were disappointed in their performance.
We were embarrassed by my brother.
We were exhausted from all the excitement.
We were excited by the lion-tamer.
We were excited about the high-wire act, too.
We were frightened by the lions.
We were introduced to the ringmaster.
We were interested in the tent.
We were irritated by the heat.
We were opposed to leaving early.
We were satisfied with the circus.
We were shocked at the level of noise under the big tent.
We were surprised by the fans' response.
We were surprised at their indifference.
We were tired of all the lights after a while.
We were worried about the traffic leaving the parking lot.

A- Adjectives

The most common of the so-called a- adjectives are ablaze, afloat, afraid, aghast, alert, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, asleep, averse, awake, aware. These adjectives will primarily show up as predicate adjectives (i.e., they come after a linking verb).

The children were ashamed.
The professor remained aloof.
The trees were ablaze.

Occasionally, however, you will find a- adjectives before the word they modify: the alert patient, the aloof physician. Most of them, when found before the word they modify, are themselves modified: the nearly awake student, the terribly alone scholar. And a- adjectives are sometimes modified by "very much": very much afraid, very much alone, very much ashamed, etc.

Senin, 19 Maret 2012

Relative Clause

Materi tentang adjective clause atau relative clause adalah salah satu materi yang harus dikuasai dengan baik oleh siswa SMA, SMK, hingga mahasiswa perguruan tinggi. Selain dibutuhkan dalam penyusunan dan penulisan kalimat berbahasa Inggris yang efisien, adjective clause atau relative clause juga merupakan salah satu testing point yang selalu diujikan dalam test TOEFLTOEIC, dan Ujian Akhir Nasional (UAN). Karena itu, setelah mengenal sekilas tentang adjective clause atau relative clause, sekarang kita akan mempelajarinya secara lebih terperinci lagi.


1. Adjective Clause Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who", "Which", "That"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friendHe runs a successful business.I will introduce you to a friend who runs a successful business.
I will introduce you to a friend that runs a successful business.
The book is about religion. It has raised controversy.The book which has raised controversy is about religion.
The book that has raised controversy is about religion.
Notes:
  • "Who", "which", atau "that" adalah subyek dalam adjective clause.
  • "Who" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa orang.
  • "Which" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa benda.
  • "That" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa orang maupun benda, dan lebih umum dipakai daripada "which". Akan tetapi, "that" hanya bisa digunakan pada defining relative clause saja. (Baca Menggabungkan Kalimat Menggunakan Adjective Clause (Relative Clause).


2. Adjective Clause Using Object Pronouns: Who(m), Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Object Pronouns: "Who(m)", "Which", "That"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend. You have never met him before.I will introduce you to a friend (who(m)) you have never met before.
I will introduce you to a friend (that) you have never met before.
The book is about religion. I bought it in Gramedia bookstore last week.The book (which) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion.
The book (that) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion.
The song was very popular in 1990's. I am listening to it.The song to which I am listening was very popular in 1990's.
The song (which) I am listening to was very popular in 1990's.
The song (that) I am listening to was very popular in 1990's.
Notes:
  • "Whom" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa orang, umumnya digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Untuk bahasa Inggris informal dan percakapan, "who" lebih sering dipakai menggantikan "whom".
  • "Which" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa benda.
  • "That" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa orang maupun benda, dan lebih umum dipakai daripada "which". Akan tetapi, "that" hanya bisa digunakan pada defining relative clause saja. (Baca Menggabungkan Kalimat Menggunakan Adjective Clause (Relative Clause).
  • Pada bahasa Inggris percakapan (lisan), "who", "which", atau "that" seringkali dihilangkan.

3. Adjective Clause Using Whose

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Whose"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friendHis interest is learning English.I will introduce you to a friend whose interest is learning English.
The old lady has a paintingIts value is inestimable.The old lady has a painting whose value is inestimable.
Notes:
  • Dalam adjective clause atau relative clause, "whose" digunakan untuk menunjukkan milik, menggantikan "his", "her", "its", atau "their".
  • Sebagaimana "his", "her", "its", dan "their", "Whose" selalu diikuti kata benda.
  • "Whose" tidak bisa dihilangkan.


4. Adjective Clause Using Where

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Where"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will take you to the restaurant. I usually have lunch there (at the restaurant).I will take you to the restaurant where I usually have lunch.
I will take you to the restaurant at which I usually have lunch.
I will take you to the restaurant (which) I usually have lunch at.
The old lady has sold the house. She has lived there (in the house) for more than twenty years.The old lady has sold the house where she has lived for more than twenty years.
The old lady has sold the house in which she has lived for more than twenty years.
The old lady has sold the house (which) she has lived in for more than twenty years.
Notes:
  • "Where" dalam adjective clause atau relative clause digunakan untuk menjelaskan tempat.
  • Jika "where" digunakan, preposition pada keterangan tempat (seperti in, from, to, at, on, under, above) tidak diperlukan dalam adjective clause. Sebaliknya, jika "where" tidak digunakan, preposition harus ada. (lihat contoh ke-2 dan ke-3 dalam tabel di atas)

5. Adjective Clause Using When

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "When"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
We will never forget the day. My wife gave birth to my first son then (on that day).We will never forget the day when my wife gave birth to my first son.
We will never forget the day on which my wife gave birth to my first son.
We will never forget the day (that) my wife gave birth to my first son.
August is the month. The weather gets very windy then (in August).August is the month when the weather gets very windy.
August is the month in which the weather gets very windy.
August is the month (that) the weather gets very windy.
Notes:
  • "When" dalam adjective clause atau relative clause digunakan untuk menjelaskan waktu.
  • Jika "when" digunakan, preposition pada keterangan waktu (seperti in, on, at) tidak diperlukan dalam adjective clause. Sebaliknya, jika "where" tidak digunakan, preposition ada. (lihat contoh ke-2 dan ke-3 dalam tabel di atas)

Want to learn more about Adjective Clause?


Reference:
  1. Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989.
  2. Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  3. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.


Read more: http://www.misterguru.web.id/2011/09/adjective-clause-relative-clause.html#ixzz1pZ1soJwe

Senin, 09 Januari 2012

How To Write Business Leter

  1. Use block style - do not indent paragraphs.
  2. Include address of the person you are writing to at the top of the letter, below your company address.
  3. After the address, double space and include date
  4. Double space (or as much as you need to put the body of the letter in the center) and include the salutation. Include Mr. for men or Ms for women, unless the recipient has a title such as Dr.
  5. State a reference reason for your letter (i.e. 'With reference to our telephone conversation...'
  6. Give the reason for writing (i.e. 'I am writing to you to confirm our order...')
  7. Make any request you may have (i.e. 'I would be grateful if you could include a brochure...'
  8. If there is to be further contact, refer to this contact (i.e. 'I look forward to meeting you at...')
  9. Close the letter with a thank you (i.e. 'Thank you for your prompt help...')
  10. Finish the letter with a salutation (i.e. 'Yours sincerely,')
  11. Include 4 spaces and type your full name and title
  12. sign the letter between the salutation and the typed name and title

Tips:

  1. Keep the letter brief and to the point
  2. Do not use shortened verb forms - write them out (i.e. 'don't instead of do not')
  3. Always keep a copy of correspondence for future reference
REFERENCES : http://esl.about.com/cs/englishworkplace/ht/ht_bletter.htm 

Synopsis Of The Book

Titles of books: Twilight
Figures: Isabella Swan (Kristen Stewart)
Edward Cullen (Robert Pattison)
Carlisle Cullen (Peter Facinelli)
Evenson Esme (Elizabeth Reaser)
Rosalie Hale (Nikki Reed)
Alice Cullen (Ashley Greene)
Jasper Cullen (Jackson Rathbone)
Charlie Swan (Billy Burke)
Author name: Meyer Stephennie
Year of publication: October 5, 2005
Name of publisher: Little, Brown
Place of publication: United States

"About three things that I believe is the truth, the first Edward is a vampire. second, there is a part of him - which I do not know how dominant that part - thirsty for my blood and the third one I fell in love with her very deep and unconditional "
Bella Swan, beautiful girls who have problems in self-confidence and coordination of his own body, recently moved from Phoenix, Arizona that the majority of heat bercuaca to Forks, Washington which the majority of the rainy weather to stay with her father, Charlie, after her mother, Renée, married and lived with her new husband, Phil, a baseball player. After moving to Forks, Bella meets the Cullen keluaga foster child. Emmet, Rossalie, Jasper, Alice and Edward. although they have no blood ties, but they are very similar. four brothers with good looks and remarkable beauty, pale-skinned, has an unmatched elegance and mystique.
In biology class, Bella has no choice but to sit down with Edward Edward Cullen.respon extremely unfriendly, making Bella felt when Edward hated. other than that on the first day, Edward always keep a distance with her, holding her breath and always looked at Bella with a strange look. like something unpleasant smell from Bella herself. After disappearing for a week that Edward and Bella make more sense that he hated her for no apparent reason.
Edward re-emerged in the classroom biologi.Bagai have multiple personalities, he was so friendly and polite to Bella when itu.gadis it realizes there is a change in self-Edward, the color of his eyes. The first time she saw Edward, the handsome man had dark black eye color, and now the color of her eyes and glowed like molten gold.
One morning, when it snows, Bella almost wretched because one of his van - Tyler - almost ran over the girl's body, if Edward did not immediately help. before he saw Edward standing right next to his car and watched him from a considerable distance. but suddenly when the incident occurred, Edward has helped in a very rapid movement, and that makes Bella's surprise, the van that almost hit it too contained a mysterious indentation, as if the van had hit something very hard (Edward's shoulder). lengkukan strange and very fitting on Edward's shoulder. Bella is very confused and believe that there is something about Edward that indicates that maybe he was not human biasa.seperti a hero - superhero - is possible according to his theory, or even exposed to radioactive kryptonite. Bella is always curious to ask about it to Edward, but Edward did not want to explain it and come back to be rude and increasingly distant with Bella.
After a silence during beberepa day Bella, Edward returned to be nice and polite. He apologized and told Bella that they should not have friends, because he was not a good person and bella deny it. Bella believes that Edward behave rude to him not because he was evil but because he was hiding something - like Edward wearing a mask -. Edward invites Bella to go with him and other friends to go to the beach Quilute tribal reservations, first beach, La Push, but Edward politely refused on the grounds that it was too crowded.
At First Beach, Bella meets Jacob Black. which is a little friend that one year a few months younger, but Bella had forgotten. Lauren, one of Bella's friends are not very fond of him began provoked about 'why not invite Bella Edward Cullen'. It was fishing one friend Jacob Black touched on "The Cullens do not come here - the Quileute tribe reservation - this attractive .Hal Bella.Gadis suspicion was cleverly trying mangajak Jacob streets alone with Jacob and then seduced to want to explain the purpose of his speech tadi.karena Jacob considers his tribe is a story about a silly fantasy and Bella had promised not to divulge to anyone, so he told about the legend of his tribe. Quileute tribe is descended from wolves and have only one enemy that is vampir.Menurut their belief it is closely related to the Cullen family where the Cullen family are vampires who make a covenant with his grandfather Jacob - Ephraim Black - to never set foot into the area his tribe.
At home, Bella looking for information about the Vampire because he too has not fully believe it, but he only found a match with what is told Jacob. until the scare stories that haunt his dreams. He also saw Edward sparkling, has fangs and the eyes are calling him dangerous. but Bella was not afraid and that's when Jacob appeared. jacob suddenly turned into a very large brown wolf and Edward pounce. Upon awakening from the nightmare, Bella realized that she could not lose Edward. and Edward was not anything actually important to him. the next day, the morning is bright for forks. the sun shone bright and without clouds, and the Cullen family disappeared. That's when Bella waited in the school garden, but Angela had told him that every sunny weather, the Cullen family will not show up because they - the whole Cullen family - go Hiking.
Bella had long wanted to buy some books. Incidentally Angela and Jessica wanted to go to Port Angels, he also participated. First she accompanied Angela and Jessica into a clothes shop - Angela asked him to give input on what they would buy - and then after selecting clothes, shoes and other trinkets, Bella broke away from them to go to the bookstore. But the book store was not what he expected - too mysterious and impossible to sell a book he was looking for - so he went from store to store looking for another book. Instead of finding that he was looking for, instead he got lost and had come to harm. He was disturbed by some thugs who are drunk. They set him up to the place where he could escape again ttidak. When Bella was stuck thinking about what strategies can help him - such as kicking or meniju collarbone because the faces of the thugs was sure he wanted to run down while screaming he could not make a sound because the lump in his throat -. That's when Edward suddenly come up with Volvo silvernya, speeding and suddenly stopped in front of the thugs that. Penumpangnmya door opened and Edward told Bella Bella to save Edward masuk.Demikianlah again. Bella looked at Edward's face that looked very frantic berbahayadan threatening, but Edward asks Bella to distract him. Bella mentions he would kill Tyler by Tyler crashed his car into the van because he was always bothered Bella Bella due to her guilt crashed the other day. It also managed to divert attention back to the store Edward.Mereka Angels Port Edward after Edward's mood somewhat restrained and met two friends Bella. Since Jessica and Angela had finished dining restaurant, Edward was asked for permission to them to ask Bella to dinner because he was worried about Bella. At the restaurant, the waiters will be amazed Edward's good looks and began courting her. Edward was not mengidahkan servant, her eyes fixed on Bella saja.Ia only request a seat that is privacy. When ordering food, ordering two Edward Coke - both of which were presented to Bella as well -, Bella was ordered mashroom Raviolli and eat them all asking for an explanation that goes against Edward Alak about surprising things he always did to save Bella's life. With the urging Bella, Edward tells Bella how to discover is by reading your mind and follow aromanya.Ia also claim that he can no longer stay away from Bella because he felt no longer able to pretend in front of Bella. He also describes how the talents in Bella Bella and asked to tell what's on his mind - Edward can not read Bella's mind -. In return he asks Bella to tell a new theory about him and Bella in ketahuinya say what about the legend of the Quileute tribe Jacob and Jacob told him everything. Edward stiffened and forced to admit the truth of the story itu.Edward is a vampire, his family is a family of vampires.
"I was the best predators around the world. Everything about me pull dirimu.suaraku, my face, even aromaku. As if I need all of it! As you can run faster than I have! As you can against it" (Edward Cullen )
Bella Swan, an ordinary teenage girl who moved to the town of Forks, a small town a grim, meets Edward Cullen, a mysterious guy who is very charming. The figure perfectly capable of making Bella terpikat.Ternyata, behind the perfection, Edward kept a big secret about the identity dirinya.Bella not realize the danger that awaits him Can he turn away from Edward before it is too late and change his life?
Stephenie Meyer managed to make the readers captivated by the perfect figure Edward.Bahkan when Bella dilemma faced by large, the authors are able to make the reader to feel the inner conflict felt Bella. Unfortunately, this book cover illustration reflects less the book. In addition, the lack of this book is it's too forward feelings of Bella, so the story is a bit too melancholy and lilting.
The first impression upon receiving the book is thick, it feels a bit terrifying novel gets this thick. When I first saw this book sealed in a bookstore, the first thought upon seeing kovernya is the thought of fantasy novels. In the end, after a sequel appeared, I began to hear people talking about this book as a good book. Obviously the more curious. Three quarters of this book contains a story of love and stories about how bad the main character of the vampire who disukain Approximately towards the end of the book, then came conflicts raise enough tension.